Date types are pretty important but often overlooked (especially from a hack of a programmer like me) so to save myself a ton of headaches I've copied a table I found elsewhere on the internet for myself. The table came from: http://www.databasejournal.com/features/mssql/article.phpr/2212141

bigintInteger data from -2^63 through 2^63-1
intInteger data from -2^31 through 2^31 – 1
smallintInteger data from -2^15 through 2^15 – 1
tinyintInteger data from 0 through 255
bitInteger data with either a 1 or 0 value
decimalFixed precision and scale numeric data from -10^38 +1 through 10^38 -1
numericFixed precision and scale numeric data from -10^38 +1 through 10^38 -1
moneyMonetary data values from -2^63 through 2^63 – 1
smallmoneyMonetary data values from -214,748.3648 through +214,748.3647
floatFloating precision number data from -1.79E + 308 through 1.79E + 308
realFloating precision number data from -3.40E + 38 through 3.40E + 38
datetimeDate and time data from January 1, 1753, through December 31, 9999, with an accuracy of 3.33 milliseconds
smalldatetimeDate and time data from January 1, 1900, through June 6, 2079, with an accuracy of one minute
charFixed-length character data with a maximum length of 8,000 characters
varcharVariable-length data with a maximum of 8,000 characters
textVariable-length data with a maximum length of 2^31 – 1 characters
ncharFixed-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 4,000 characters
nvarcharVariable-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 4,000 characters
ntextVariable-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 2^30 – 1 characters
binaryFixed-length binary data with a maximum length of 8,000 bytes
varbinaryVariable-length binary data with a maximum length of 8,000 bytes
imageVariable-length binary data with a maximum length of 2^31 – 1 bytes
cursorA reference to a cursor
sql_variantA data type that stores values of various data types, except text, ntext, timestamp, and sql_variant
tableA special data type used to store a result set for later processing
timestampA database-wide unique number that gets updated every time a row gets updated
uniqueidentifierA globally unique identifier